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--- library:bandwidth [2025/03/31 18:21] – scott
+++ library:bandwidth [2025/03/31 20:18] (current) – scott
@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ====What is Receiver Bandwidth?====
-Receiver bandwidth, often shortened to just 'bandwidth' and not to be confused with transmit bandwidth, is a selectable parameter that controls the range of frequencies to be sampled for an MR image. Indirectly, the bandwidth has implications in a number of things: chemical shift artifact, image contrast, geometric distortion, echo spacing, SAR, susceptibility artifact, motion artifact, Field of View, sampling rate, and frequency encoding gradient amplitude. This complex list of effects can make bandwidth difficult to understand in isolation, especially as this parameter is interacted with differently across different vendors. It is perhaps best to consider the bandwidth through an image acquisition; for this example bandwidth will be in GE nomenclature:
+Receiver bandwidth, often shortened to just 'bandwidth' and not to be confused with transmit bandwidth, is a selectable parameter that controls the range of frequencies to be sampled for an MR image. Bandwidth is inseparable from two other parameters: Field of View (FOV) and Frequency Matrix. Indirectly, the bandwidth has implications in a number of things: chemical shift artifact, image contrast, geometric distortion, echo spacing, TR, TE, SAR, susceptibility artifact, motion artifact, sampling rate, and frequency encoding gradient amplitude. This complex list of effects can make bandwidth difficult to understand in isolation, especially as this parameter is interacted with differently across different vendors. What is important to consider when scanning is how altering bandwidth from it's initial setting will affect the image. Generally speaking, the bandwidth should be initially set as high as possible while maintaining adequate SNR.  Below are a few vendor specific guidelines for how to use bandwidth:
+==GE==
+  * Bandwidth is reported as frequencies across the entire image, disregarding FOV and Frequency Matrix
+  * When reducing FOV, reduce bandwidth; when increasing FOV, increase bandwidth. This helps keep the chemical shift artifact constant.
+  * Small FOV (13cm) bandwidth: 15-20 kHz
+  * Large FOV (24+cm) bandwidth: 31+ kHz
+  * For FSE: Keep the Min TE around 8-12ms
+==Siemens==
+  * Bandwidth is reported as Hz/Pixel; hold the mouse over the drop down menu to see the # of pixels chemical shift
+  * Fat and water are ~220 Hz apart at 1.5T; try to keep the Hz/Pixel in 150-220, or # of pixel chemical shift close to 1-1.5
+  * Keep in mind how large the pixels are when adjusting FOV and Matrix, as the Hz/pixel will stay constant. Big pixels = big artifacts
+====Bandwidth in Practice====
 {{:library:rbwchemshift_8_.gif|}}
+The images above are of a phantom made from tap water (outer circle) and olive oil (inner circle) with a T2 weighted FSE, with the frequency encoding direction set R/L. Bandwidth is increased from 10 kHz up to 63 kHz. Notice with low bandwidths the SNR is high, but the chemical shift artifact is significant. As bandwidth is increased, the SNR becomes worse, but the chemical shift is reduced. Looking closely at the top right corner, it is also apparent that some geometric distortion occurs with low bandwidths. As bandwidth increases from low to high, it is also noticeable that some T2 weighting is lost and the CNR between the olive oil and tap water is reduced. This is the to the high bandwidths shortening the echo spacing, and reducing the maximum TE's contributing to the CNR.
 {{:library:rbw_10-63khz_10_.gif|}}
+The images above are of an Axial T2 weighted FSE, with the bandwidth increased from 10 kHz to 63 kHz. Notice that the first low bandwidth (10 kHz) result in quite a blurry image; the echo spacing is long and the chemical shift artifact  is significant. As bandwidth is increased, note how the morphology of the extruded disc appears to change. Also note that the 'bulk' of the patient appears to move within the image; this is the effect of chemical shift across the entire image. Once the 63 kHz bandwidth is reached, the SNR is poor and zipper artifacts appear in the image.